Mary Johnson Enslaved Part 5

It is known that Mary Johnson continued to live in Pike County, Mississippi after the Civil War. From information given by her descendants, she married George Andrews a former enslaved man. I have been unable to find proof of their marriage at this time. George and Mary Andrews recorded race as black enumerated in the 1870 census. The household of Thompson Andrews was recorded as white enumerated in the census above George and Mary Andrews. Because these families had the same surname I looked for a possible connection. I wanted to find information about George Andrews.

"United States Census, 1870", database with images, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MFSG-413 : 29 May 2021), George Andrews, 1870.

Transcribed Pike County, Mississippi Federal Census 1870

NAME	AGE	SEX	COLOR	OCCUPATION	PLACE OOF BIRTH
Andrews Thompson	59	M	W	Farmer	Mip
Sarah	20	F	W	housekeeper	“
Mary	5/12	F	W
Andrews George	47	M	B	Farmer	Mip
Mary	43	F	B	housekeeper	“
Caroline	15	F	B		“
David	9	M	B		“
Margret	7	F	B		“
Ester	4	F	B		“
Mary	2	F	B		“

Thompson Andrews was also known as Wade Thompson Andrews.  His family is identified from two sources;  1) the book  Source Records From Pike County, Mississippi 1789-1910 by Luke Ward Conerly. In Luke Ward Conerly's book. James Andrews came from Georgia and he settled with his family on Bogue Chitto in the early 1800's. 2) a transcribed copy of the will of his father James Andrews on the website "Find A Grave". I have not be able to authenticate or verify the copy of the will. It is from these sources I have made a graph of the family. 

In item number four of James Andrews' will, he bequeathed to his son Andrew Jackson Andrews a negro slave boy George 15 dark complexation his date of birth would be 1835 at the time of the writing of the will.  This maybe George Andrews who married Mary Johnson.  The ages however do not correspond. From the 1870 census George date of birth would be 1823.   It is also important to note that Andrew Jackson Andrews married Lucinda Brumfield.  Lucinda Brumfield is the sister of Henry Sims Brumfield and Joseph Warren Brumfield who are in the "Ancestral Picture".

I looked for the other enslaved people listed in the will; John 25, Jane 15, Mike 12, Jerry 13 and Patsy 15 years old using the surname Andrews. I thought that they might be related and retained the name of their enslaver. My research was not exhaustive using Ancestry.com, Family Search.com, Newpaper.com, Chronicling America and Mississippi Archives and History website. I was unable to find these individuals.

I will continue to my research for information concerning George and Mary Andrews prior to 1870. 

--- The Tree Gardener

Mary Johnson Enslaved part 4

 Delia and Felix Stovall

Walter L. Campbell  Sale  of Mary Johnson to  Delia E. Stovall  of Pike County, Mississippi December 6, 1852

Transcribed Bill of Sale

 Delia Stovall born in 1838 in North Carolina was married to Felix Crawford Stovall born in 1822 in Mississippi. This is information was obtained from the Federal census records. In the 1850 and 1860 Federal censuses, there were two population schedules those individuals who were free and the enslaved.  Felix Stovall in the 1850 census is enumerated as a 28-year-old farmer with inferred parents Drury Stovall 79 and Lucy Stovall 69 years old. 

"United States Census, 1850," database with images, <i>FamilySearch</i> (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:M4LD-28V : 22 December 2020), Felix Stovall in household of Drury Stovall, Marion, Mississippi, United States; citing family , NARA microfilm publication (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.). 1850 Census Transcribed

Name	Age	Sex	Value of Real Estate Owned	Place of Birth
Drury Stovall	79	M	1500	N. C.
Lucy Stovall	69	F		Va.
Felix Stovall	28	M		Ms.

 Name

 Age

 Sex

Value of Real Estate Owned 

 Place of Birth

 Drury Stovall

 79

 M

 1500

 N. C.

 Lucy Stovall

 69

 F

 

 Va.

 Felix Stovall

 28

 M

 

 Ms.

The enslaved record gave the name of the slave owner, the number of people owned, their age, sex and sometimes skin color. The names of the enslaved were rarely given. Felix Stovall was also the owner of four enslaved people enumerated in the 1850 slave census.

The National Archive in Washington DC; Washington, DC; NARA Microform Publication: M432; Title: Seventh Census Of The United States, 1850; Record Group: Records of the Bureau of the Census; Record Group Number: 29

Felix Stovall 1850 Slave Census  Transcribed

Male	28
Male	9
Male	5
Female	24

 Delia Stovall purchased Mary Johnson on December 6, 1852.

 Felix Stovall received his first homestead land patent for 40 acres of land in Pike County, Mississippi on August 1, 1853. By 1859, Stovall held homestead land patents for over 300 acres of land. In the 1860 Federal census, Felix Stovall is identified as F C Stoval along with his family. The value of his real estate was $3000   and value of his personal estate $ 7,000 which in 2022 would be  $107,715.18 and  $251,355.42 respectively.

The National Archives in Washington D.C.; Record Group: Records of the Bureau of the Census; Record Group Number: 29; Series Number: M653; Residence Date: 1860; Home in 1860: Pike, Mississippi; Roll: M653_589; Page: 384; Family History Library Film: 803589

Felix Stovall 1860 Census Transcribed

Name	Age	Sex
F C Stoval	38	M
D E	27	F
G W	6	M
E S	5	F
N R	3	M

 In the 1860 slave schedule, Felix Stovall as a slave owner enumerated seven enslaved people.  Enslaved people were sometimes hired to work for other farmers. This was a source of income for the owner. The slave schedule may not identify a slave owner from an employer.   A female age 25 which was possibly Mary Johnson is identified on the schedule. It is noted that there is one slave house. 

"United States Census (Slave Schedule), 1860", database with images, <i>FamilySearch</i> (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:WKLR-KRZM : 16 October 2019), Felix C Stovall, 1860

Felix Stovall 1860 Slave Census Transcribed

 Gender                           Age

Female	25
Male	18
Male	15
Female	5
Female	4
Female	3
Female	1

The timeline that followed during the enslavement of Mary Johnson.

• April 12, 1861 Civil War started with the Confederate Troops firing on Fort Sumter, South Carolina.        
•  April 16, 1862  Abraham Lincoln abolished slavery in Washington D.C.
•  January 1, 1863  Abraham Lincoln abolished slavery in states that seceded from the United States with the Emancipation Proclamation.
•  April 9, 1865 Civil War ended  R. E. Lee surrendered at Appomattox Court House to U. S. Grant.
•   December 13, 1865 The 13^th Amendment was ratified by 27 of the 36 states by the Constitution of the United States.  It abolished slavery and involuntary servitude.

Mary Johnson at approximately 31 years old  was no longer a slave.

More information to come.

--- The Tree Gardener

Mary Johnson Enslaved part 3

 Walter L. Campbell Slave Trader

Walter L. Campbell  Sale  of Mary Johnson to  Delia E. Stovall  of Pike County, Mississippi December 6, 1852

Transcribed Bill of Sale

Federal law required ships carrying enslaved people to a shipping port to have a manifest. The manifest required a date, destination, captain's name, slave owner and or shipper's name, slave's age and height  and date of certification of the custom collector. The New Orleans, Louisiana, U S., Slave Manifests 1807 to 1860 is an incomplete collection of slave ships that entered the port of New Orleans. I searched this collection and found that B. M. and W. L. Campbell along with other slave owners and or shippers had over 50 slaves with the name Mary Johnson or a variation of the name from 1821 to 1852 in the collection. I think this did not occur by chance. I believe that the actual names of these enslaved women were changed to Mary Johnson. With an different name, it would be very difficult or impossible for the enslaved woman's family or anyone to locate them. I have not found a definitive source to support my assumption.  

Mary Johnson was transported by ship from Baltimore, Maryland to New Orleans, Louisiana. I  believe I have found the slave manifest which has ancestor Mary Johnson. 

The manifest states: MANIFEST OF NEGROES, MULATTOS, and PERSONS OF COLOR, taken on board the Jane Henderson where of  G W Collins(?) is Master 137 tons, to be transported to the port of New Orleans in the district of Louisiana for the purpose of being sold or disposed of as slaves, or to be held in the service of labor. 

 In upper right hand corner,  the names B M and W L Campbell Baltimore is written. The shipper is identified a B M Campbell. The custom collector certified the above named slaves to be correct and dated November 26, 1852 The manifest  continues: the slaves described have not been imported into the United State since the first day in January, one thousand eight hundred and eight and under the Laws of the State of Maryland are held to service or labor as Slaves and are not entitled to freedom under these laws, at a certain time and after a period of service.--SO HELP US GOD.

On the document listed number 12 is Mary Johnson  female age 17, five feet five inches and color black. She arrived on a ship from Baltimore to New Orleans on November 26, 1852 and  B M and W L Campbell are identified on the manifest.  She was sold by Walter L. Campbell a known slave trader. Her age on the Bill of Sale states about 18 years old.  Mary Johnson was sold 10 days after arriving to New Orleans to Delia Stowell from Pike County, Mississippi. 

On September 18, 1850 the Fugitive Slave Act was passed by the United States Congress.  This act had three major components 1) that the federal government was responsible for finding escaped slaves 2) slaves be returned to their owner if in a free state and 3) anyone who  aided a runaway slave were subject to six months in prison and a $1000 fine the equivalent of $38,052,31 in 2022. Baltimore, Maryland is over a thousand miles from New Orleans, Louisiana. Mary Johnson would be enslaved for life.

More information to come.

--- The Tree Gardener

Mary Johnson Enslaved part 2

 Walter L. Campbell Slave Trader

Walter L. Campbell  Sale  of Mary Johnson to  Delia E. Stovall  of Pike County, Mississippi December 6, 1852

Transcribed Bill of Sale

The domestic slave trade became very active after 1808. The leading cash crop in Maryland and Virginia was tobacco dating back to the early American colonies. Without harvest mechanization, tobacco production on plantations required hard physical labor. First indentured servants, free African Americans and latter slave labor.   Tobacco plants could deplete soil nutrients and sales to foreign markets decreased.   As tobacco production decreased, cotton production aided by the invention of the Cotton Gin increased in southern territories and states. The need for slave labor increased in different geographic areas.

 Baltimore County, Maryland had a significant  population of free people of color and enslaved black people. There were incidents in which free black people aided the enslaved to escape from slavery.  There were also situations of married couples of free and enslaved people.  This mixture gave hope that manumission of the enslaved person might one day happen.  

 Baltimore city was involved in the southern slave trade. Walter L. Campbell is the slave trader that’s noted on the bill of sale from Mary Johnson. His occupation at 27 years old was slave dealer born in 1823 in Georgia from the 1850 Orleans Parish Louisiana Federal census. He is known to have a possible brother Bernard M. Campbell who aided him in the slave trade. His named is enumerated on the first line. 

"United States Census, 1850," database with images, FamilySearch (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:MCJ8-VXV : 22 December 2020), Walter L Campbell, New Orleans, Orleans, Louisiana, United States; citing family , NARA microfilm publication (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, n.d.).

The city of Baltimore now has a Slave Trade Historic Marker located between the Inner Harbor and Fells Point identifying the area were "slave pens" were located. These pens housed the enslaved people by slave traders prior to being shipped to southern areas in the county. New Orleans was one of the ports. There was another slave trader Hope Hull Slater who preceded Campbell and had a designated area in Baltimore, Maryland and New Orleans, Louisiana that  slave pens and slave auctions took place. 

Walter L. Campbell purchased the site on Pratt Street in Baltimore and the corner of Moreau and Esplanade streets in New Orleans and published in advertisements. This was known as 'Slater's old stand".

The Baltimore Sun Newspaper Baltimore Maryland October 17, 1848 page 4

Times Picayune New Orleans Louisiana November 22, 1850

 Walter L. Campbell had a very lucrative business selling enslaved people. He not only advertised in newspapers but was in the 1861 New Orleans business directory listed among other slave dealers.

It is probably from these publications that Delia E. Stovall read which resulted in the purchase and enslavement of Mary Johnson on December 6, 1852.   Below is the New Orleans Times Picayune advertisement published weeks before Mary Johnson was sold and later taken to Pike County, Mississippi. Transported to the deep south made it unlikely that freedom would occur.

Times Picayune New Orleans Louisiana November 4, 1852.

More information to come.

----The Tree Gardener